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Gerunds and infinitives  can replace a noun in a sentence.  Gerund  = the present participle (-ing) form of the verb, e.g., singing, dancing, running.  Infinitive  = to + the base form of the verb, e.g., to sing, to dance, to run. Whether you use a  gerund  or an  infinitive  depends on the main verb in the sentence. VERB PATTERNS - GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES We use gerunds (verb + ing): After certain verbs - "I enjoy singing". After prepositions - "I drank a cup of coffee before leaving". As the subject or object of a sentence - "Swimming is a good exercise". We use 'to' + infinitive: After certain verbs - "We decided to leave". After many adjectives - "It's difficult to get up early". We use the bare infinitive (the infinitive without 'to'): After modal verbs - "I can meet you at six o'clock". After 'let', 'make' and (sometimes) 'help' - "The teacher let us leave early"....

The difference between  some   and   any : Generally, we use  any  in the same way as  some : when we are thinking about a certain amount or number of something. Remember, usually both  some  and  any  can only be used with plural countable nouns or uncountable nouns, but  not usually  with singular countable nouns. We usually use  some  with affirmative (positive) sentences and  any  with negatives and questions: She bought  some  tomatoes [positive sentence]. She didn't buy  any  tomatoes [negative sentence]. Did she buy  any  tomatoes [question]? However, there are some exceptions to this. 1:  Any  can be used in a positive sentence to mean 'it's not important which one'. When we use  any  in this way, it's most often used with singular countable nouns: You can take  any  bus. Pass me  any  glass. Come over  any  Sunday. 2:...

A relative  pronoun  is one which is used to refer to  nouns  mentioned previously, whether they are people, places, things, animals, or ideas. Relative pronouns can be used to join two sentences. I bought a new bike. It is very fast. → I bought a new bike that is very fast. She lives in Kansas. She likes living in Kansas. → She lives in Kansas, which she likes. The function of a relative pronoun is to link a subordinate clause to a main clause. He might lose his job ,  which  would be disastrous. She promised  to give away all the money ,  which  was a bit rash. A subordinate clause introduced by a relative pronoun is called a  relative clause . Relative pronouns refer back to a noun phrase or pronoun that has just been mentioned. All relative pronouns must come as near as possible to the start of the clause that they are in. The only words that normally come before them in the clause are prepositions or conjunctions. Defining and Non-d...